introduction 

Nearly 20% of adults in the United States smoke, according to a 2008 report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). More than 77% of them smoke every day. Smoking had steadily declined among adults in recent years; though the trend has stalled between 2004 and 2006, according to the latest CDC report there was a 1% drop in smoking prevalence among U.S. adults in 2007.

The word "tobacco" is thought to derive from the Native American word "tabago," for a Y-shaped pipe used in sniffing tobacco powder. Tobacco is a tall, leafy plant, originally grown in South and Central America, but now cultivated throughout the world. There are many species of tobacco; Nicotiana tabacum. L(or common tobacco) is used to produce cigarettes.

Cigarettes do carry serious health effects with them, which are more prevalent than in other tobacco products. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in tobacco and therefore cigarettes, is addictive. About half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Cigarette use by pregnant women has also been shown to cause birth defects, including mental and physical disabilities

Smoking in Childhood and Adolescence

The younger children start smoking, the more likely they will smoke as adults. Smoking is often rapidly addictive. According to the American Cancer Society, the earlier you start smoking, the more likely you are to develop long-term nicotine addiction.

In the past, advertising was responsible for encouraging some teens to smoke. New regulations have made it much more difficult for advertisers to promote smoking to young people. However, scenes that show people smoking, often in a positive light, are still common in movies and television shows. This may be a major influence on the attitude toward smoking in children and adolescents.

To prevent children from smoking, parents should not smoke, and they should tell their child that they disapprove of smoking. Studies have shown that schoolchildren who believed that both their parents strongly disapproved of smoking were less than half as likely to smoke as those kids whose parents did not show as much disapproval towards smoking.

Children whose parents closely monitor their television and music-listening habits are less likely to drink, use drugs, and smoke cigarettes.

Neglected children, or children with absentee parents, are four times as likely to abuse drugs, drink, and smoke as children living with parents who were regularly present and who offered a structured lifestyle.

Doctors can have a major effect on young people. However, in one survey, less than half of teenagers had ever been asked by their doctors if they smoked, or were counseled not to smoke, even though most teen smokers said they would admit to it if asked.

Gender, Age, and Ethnicity

Age	Total	Men	Women
18 - 44 years	22.6%	25.8%	19.4%
45 - 64 years	21.0%	22.6%	19.5%
65 years and older	8.3%	9.3%	7.6%
Source: CDC/National Health Interview Survey 2007

While the number of adults over 65 who smoke is lower than those in other age groups, older adults usually have smoked for a long time (about 40 years) and tend to be heavier smokers, according to the American Lung Association. Because of this, older smokers are more likely to have smoking-related illnesses.

Caucasian students (under age 18) are more likely to smoke than Hispanics and African-Americans. In 2007, the rate of smoking was highest among American Indians and Alaskan natives. Hispanics and Asians had the lowest rates.

Educational Level

A major U.S. government study reported that people who have not graduated from high school or received their General Education Development (GED) certificate tend to have higher smoking rates than those who attended college.

Higher rates of cigarette smoking have been reported among adults who have earned a GED and those with a 9 - 11 grade education. The lowest rates are seen among those with advanced college degrees.

Psychological Factors

People with low self-esteem and adolescents with behavioral problems have a higher risk for smoking. Men and women with mental disorders are 50% more likely to smoke than those without such illness. For example, depression and schizophrenia are known risk factors for smoking. Both may actually have biological effects that are responsible for this higher risk.

Conclusion

in my conclusion the human body is made up of all different organs that are essential to our living being. Taking care of these organs is vital to maintaining our health. One of our most important organs is the lungs. The lungs are used to take in oxygen from the air and help us make blood cells in the body. Keeping the lungs healthy is necessary to keeping your breathing and blood healthy. There are many things that keep us from having healthy lungs, such as toxic fumes, gar smoke, and the most common, cigarette smoke. Smoking cigarettes doesn’t only affect the person who smokes but also the people around them. I believe that smoking should be banned from the United States. Even though this is a very unacceptable issue to the majority of the country, there have been smoking bans that were implemented in early years to insure the safety of the people in businesses, and restaurant environment

References

Alati R, Al Mamun A, O'Callaghan M, et al. In utero and postnatal maternal smoking and asthma in adolescence. Epidemiology. 2006;17(2):138-144.

Boffetta P, Hecht S, Gray N, et al. Smokeless tobacco and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):667-675.

Botteri E, Iodice S, Raimondi S, et al. Cigarette smoking and adenomatous polyps: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(2):388-395.

Botteri E, Iodice S, Bagnardi V, et al. Smoking and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300(23):2765-2778.

Burke MV, Ebbert JO, Hays JT. Treatment of tobacco dependence. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(4):479-483.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Cigarette Smoking Among Adults -- United States, 2007. MMWR. 2008;57(45):1221-1226.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses -- United States, 1997-2001. MMWR. 2005;54:625-628.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). State Smoking Restrictions for Private-Sector Worksites, Restaurants, and Bars -- United States, 2004 and 2007. MMWR. 2008;57(20);549-552.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Health Interview Survey -- 2007: Early Release. 6/2008. Available online.

Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ. 2008;179(2):135-144. Erratum in: CMAJ. 2008;179(8):802.

Li YF, Langholz B, Salam MT, Gilliland FD. Maternal and grandmaternal smoking patterns are associated with early childhood asthma. Chest. 2005;127(4):1232-1241.

My summary links

5 health benefits of smoking

This website talking about researches found while smokers might go broke buying a pack of cigarettes; they can at least save money by avoiding knee-replacement surgery. Surprising results from a new study have revealed that men who smoke had less risk of undergoing total joint replacement surgery than those who never smoked. 

Health benefits of smoking cigarettes

Short article about if people are aware of the many health risks associated with cigarette smoking. On-going research has continuously proven that smoking causes such as cancer, ISDs, heart disease, birth be facts, preterm birth, and other serious health problems.

Harms of smoking and health benefits of quitting

 This discussing article is about smoking leads a cause of diseases such as cancer  and death from  cancer it cause lung, esophagus, larynx, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and cervix, as well as acute myeloid leukemia therefore some harms nearly every organ of body and diminished a person’s overall  health. Millions of people around the world have health problem caused by smoking  

Cigarette smoking: an underused tool in high-performanice  

  

Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase serum hemoglobin, increase total lung capacity and stimulate weight loss, factors that all contribute to enhanced performance in endurance sports. Despite this scientific evidence, the prevalence of smoking in elite athletes is actually many times lower than in the general population. The reasons for this are unclear; however, there has been little to no effort made on the part of national governing bodies to encourage smoking among athletes.

benefits of smoking: cigarettes have mental/ phgsical pro-suite 101 

This short article about the way you breathe when you smoke helps your body relax and calm down. For people who have panic attacks or stress problems, Doctors recommend patients practice a sort of breathing called relaxation breathing. Among other things, it involves taking a deep breath into the lungs and holding it in for a second or two before exhaling. This is exactly like the act of smoking. This kind of breathing slows your heart rate and relieves tension in your muscles, especially your neck and upper back, which tense up in stressful situations.

  3.28 Health benefits of smoking?

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